The Mid-latitudes of North and South America During the Last Glacial Maximum
and Early Holocene: Similar Paleoclimatic Sequences Despite Differing
Large-Scale Controls.
Cathy Whitlock, Patrick J. Bartlein, Vera Markgraf, and Allan C. Ashworth (2001)
Interhemispheric Climate Linkages in the Americas and their Societal Effects
edited by V. Markgraf. Academic Press, pp. 391-416
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Figure
1. Features of the present climate of the Western Hemisphere.
(A) upper-level winds (200 hPa streamlines showing upper level
circulation), (B) sea level pressure (SLP), (C) surface winds (925 hPa
streamlines), (D) large-scale uplift or subsidence (500 hPa vertical
velocity), and (E) precipitation for the northern winter/southern summer
(December–January–February, DJF). (F–J, as in A–E for the northern
summer/southern winter (June–July–August, JJA).
Fig01.gif,
63K
/ Fig01.pdf, 1.5M |
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Figure
2. Variations over the past 25 ka of (A) insolation (Berger 1978), (B)
ice volume (Peltier 1994), (C) CO2, (D) methane, along with ice
core oxygen isotopic records from (E) Greenland (Grootes et al. 1993;
Stuiver et al. 1995), (F) Bolivia (Thompson et al. 1998) and (G–I)
Antarctica (Steig et al. 1998; Blunier et al. 1998; Jouzel et al. 1996).
Fig02.gif,
37K / Fig02.pdf, 88K
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Figure
3. Temporal (21 ka to
present) and seasonal variations of computed insolation at the top of the
atmosphere (Berger 1978) along with past minus present anomalies.
Fig03.gif,
138K / Fig03.pdf, 574K
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Figure
4. Temporal (21 ka to
present) and seasonal variations of simulated surface net radiation, along
with the simulated past (experiment) minus simulated present (control)
anomalies.
Fig04.gif,
223K / Fig04.pdf, 640K |
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Figure
5. Temporal (21 ka to
present) and seasonal variations of simulated near-surface air
temperature, along with the simulated past (experiment) minus simulated
present (control) anomalies.
Fig05.gif,
233K / Fig05.pdf, 640K
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Figure
6.
Temporal (21 ka to present) and seasonal variations of 500 mb wind
speed, along with the simulated past (experiment) minus simulated present
(control) anomalies.
Fig06.gif,
214K / Fig06.pdf, 635K
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Figure
6+1.
Temporal (21 ka to present) and seasonal variations of 500 mb
heights, along with the simulated past (experiment) minus simulated
present (control) anomalies.
Fig06_1.gif,
206K / Fig06_1.pdf, 602K
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Figure
6+2.
Temporal (21 ka to present) and seasonal variations of 500 mb
vertical velocity (omega), along with the simulated past (experiment)
minus simulated present (control) anomalies.
Fig06_2.gif,
285K / Fig06_2.pdf, 677K
|
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Figure
7.
Temporal (21 ka to present) and seasonal variations of sea
level pressure (SLP), along with the simulated past (experiment) minus
simulated present (control) anomalies.
Fig07.gif,
244K / Fig07.pdf, 632K
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Figure
8.
Temporal (21 ka to present) and seasonal variations of
precipitation, along with the simulated past (experiment) minus simulated
present (control) anomalies.
Fig08.gif,
247K / Fig08.pdf, 659K
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Figure
8+1.
Temporal
(21 ka to present) and seasonal variations of precipitation minus
evaporation, along with the simulated past (experiment) minus simulated
present (control) anomalies.
Fig08_1.gif,
374K / Fig08_1.pdf, 648K
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Figure
9. Temporal variations in bioclimatic variables: (top) growing
degree-days (5°C
base), (middle) mean temperature of the coldest month, and (bottom)
effective moisture, expressed as the ratio of actual to potential
evapotranspiration (AE/PE), and their anomalies.
Fig09.gif,
83K / Fig09.pdf, 252K
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Figure
10. Simulated
upper-level wind speed and direction, sea level pressure (SLP) and surface
winds, surface air temperature, and precipation for the last glacial
maximum (LGM) for January and July. (21ka)
Fig10.gif,
182K / Fig10.pdf, 517K
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Figure
11. Simulated
bioclimatic variables for the last glacial maximum (LGM) and early
Holocene as compared with present conditions.
Fig11.gif,
72K / Fig11.pdf, 167K
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Figure
12. Modern
vegetation (based on Thompson and Anderson, in press) and full glacial
vegetation of the western United States (based on inferences from pollen
data and Betancourt et al. 1990).
Fig12.gif,
74K / Fig12.pdf, 122K
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Figure
13. Comparison
of modern, early Holocene, and full glacial vegetation in Patagonia, based
on inferences from fossil pollen data.
Fig13.gif,
67K / Fig13.pdf, 124K
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Figure
14. Variations
in the ratio of forest to open-ground beetle taxa and species richness of
fossil beetle assemblages in southern Chile since the last glaciation.
Fig14.gif,
30K / Fig14.pdf, 80K
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Figure
15. Simulated upper-level wind speed and direction, sea level
pressure (SLP) and surface winds, surface air temperature, and precipation
for the last glacial maximum (LGM) for January and July. (11ka)
Fig15.gif,
167K / Fig15.pdf, 501K
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Figure
16. Effective
moisture map for 10 ka for the western United States (Mock and
Brunelle-Daines 1999).
Fig16.gif,
42K / Fig16.pdf, 38K
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Table 1. Large-scale climatic controls
and regional climatic and biotic responses.
Table1.gif, 61K / Table1.pdf,
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